The Cordon Sanitaire strategy is an agreement among mainstream political parties in Europe to refuse all cooperation with extremist parties. This includes refusing to form coalitions with them, rejecting confidence-and-supply arrangements, and declining to pass legislation that depends on their votes. Examples include Germany's Brandmauer against the AfD and Belgium's long-standing cordon around Vlaams Belang

The Beveridge model finances healthcare through tax revenue, with the state acting as both the primary funder and the primary provider of care. Hospitals are largely publicly owned, many health professionals are public employees, and care is free or nearly free at the point of use. Examples include the UK, Spain and New Zealand.

The Bismarck model, finances healthcare through compulsory contributions paid by employers and employees into insurance funds, which then pay for care on members' behalf. The state mandates and regulates the system, subsidising contributions for those outside employment, but does not usually deliver care itself; providers are largely private or independent. Examples include Germany, France and Japan

*(Mumbai Metropolitan Region.= Mumbai, Navi Mumbai, Thane, and adjoining districts of Mira-Bhayander, Kalyan Dombivli, Vasai-Virar)

Low-Cost private schools typically operate for profit, charge small fees, operate with minimal regulation, and often employ teachers without formal qualifications.

A lay judge system combines lay and professional judges on a single panel to adjudicate criminal cases. The panel is composed of six lay judges, selected randomly from the public, and three professional judges. The panel of nine members together participate in the examination of evidence, may question witnesses at trial, and deliberates jointly on guilt and sentence. A guilty verdict requires a numerical majority of the nine judges that includes at least one professional judge.